<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Herald of Technological University</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Herald of Technological University</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>ВЕСТНИК ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">3034-4689</issn>
   <issn publication-format="online">3033-9219</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">6a9c168232807fdbab8764ee</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55421/3034-4689_2026_29_7_51</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="edn">YYHGRO</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>2. Химическая технология</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>2. Chemical Technology</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>2. Химическая технология</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">GALVANIC REPLACEMENT AS A PERSPECTIVE APPROACH TO THE SYNTHESIS OF ELECTROCATALYSTS</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>ГАЛЬВАНИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАМЕЩЕНИЕ КАК ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЙ ПОДХОД К СИНТЕЗУ ЭЛЕКТРОКАТАЛИЗАТОРОВ</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Колпаков</surname>
       <given-names>Михаил Евгеньевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kolpakov</surname>
       <given-names>Mihail Evgen'evich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор химических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of chemical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Дресвянников</surname>
       <given-names>Александр Федорович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Dresvyannikov</surname>
       <given-names>Aleksandr Fedorovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>a.dresvyannikov@mail.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор химических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of chemical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Сатараев</surname>
       <given-names>Д. А.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Sataraev</surname>
       <given-names>D. A.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Ермолаева</surname>
       <given-names>Е. А.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Ermolaeva</surname>
       <given-names>E. A.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Николаева</surname>
       <given-names>Е В</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Николаева</surname>
       <given-names>Е В</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>katrin@kstu.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский национальный исследовательский технологический университет</institution>
     <city xml:lang="ru">Казань</city>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Kazan National Research Technological University</institution>
     <city xml:lang="en">Kazan</city>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">КНИТУ; Kazan National Research Technological University</institution>
     <country xml:lang="ru">ru</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">КНИТУ; Kazan National Research Technological University</institution>
     <country xml:lang="en">ru</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-30T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>30</day>
    <month>07</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-30T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>30</day>
    <month>07</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <fpage>51</fpage>
   <lpage>63</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-01T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>01</day>
     <month>06</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-07-05T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>05</day>
     <month>07</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <permissions>
    <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© 2026 Колпаков М.Е., Дресвянников А.Ф., Сатараев Д.А., Ермолаева Е.А., Николаева Е.В.</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© 2026 Kolpakov M.E., Dresvyannikov A.F., Sataraev D.A., Ermolaeva E.A., Николаева Е.В.</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
    <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Колпаков Михаил Евгеньевич, Дресвянников Александр Федорович, Сатараев Д. А., Ермолаева Е. А., Николаева Е В</copyright-holder>
    <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kolpakov Mihail Evgen'evich, Dresvyannikov Aleksandr Fedorovich, Sataraev D. A., Ermolaeva E. A., Николаева Е В</copyright-holder>
   </permissions>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=91835220">https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=91835220</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>В обзоре систематизированы результаты исследований, посвященных основным аспектам развития и применения гальванического замещения, включая синтез катализаторов, активных в электрохимических реакциях: выделения водорода и кислорода при электролизе воды, восстановления кислорода в топливных элементах, электрохимической конверсии CO2 и окисления спиртов. Рассмотренные работы последних лет демонстрируют, как гальваническое замещение обеспечивает формирование широкого спектра каталитических архитектур - от наноструктур типа «ядро-оболочка» и полых нанопластинок до высокоэнтропийных сплавов, одноатомных катализаторов и нано-, микроразмерных полиметаллических систем на основе 3d, 4d-металлов. Благодаря рациональному дизайну биметаллических поверхностей, деформации решетки и электронной модуляции активных центров достигнуты высокие каталитические характеристики, включая сверхнизкие перенапряжения (до 15 мВ в случае реакции выделения водорода и 203 мВ для реакции выделения кислорода) и эксплуатационную стабильность, превышающую 700 часов при промышленных плотностях тока. Особое внимание уделено методам in situ спектроскопии и квантово-химическим расчетам, которые раскрывают молекулярную природу повышенной активности и стабильности, связывая их с типом активных центров, характером межфазных взаимодействий и динамикой поверхностной реструктуризации. Обсуждаются ключевые задачи (масштабируемость синтеза, создание прогностических вычислительных моделей, снижение зависимости от металлов семейства платины и интеграция катализаторов в мембранно-электродные блоки), а также перспективные направления развития, включая расширение реакционного пространства на восстановление нитратов, переработку биомассы и использование нетрадиционных реакционных сред. Совокупность рассмотренных результатов позволяет позиционировать гальваническое замещение, как ключевую технологию синтеза электрокатализаторов нового поколения для устойчивой энергетики.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The review systematizes research on the main aspects of the development and application of galvanic replacement, including the synthesis of catalysts active in electrochemical reactions: the evolution of hydrogen and oxygen during water electrolysis, oxygen reduction in fuel cells, the electrochemical conversion of CO2, and the oxidation of alcohols. Recent studies have demonstrated how galvanic replacement can be used to create a wide range of catalytic architectures, from core-shell nanostructures and hollow nanoplates to high-entropy alloys, single-atom catalysts, and nano- and micro-sized polymetallic systems based on 3d and 4d metals. Owing to the rational design of bimetallic surfaces, lattice strain, and electronic modulation of the active sites, high catalytic performance has been achieved, including ultra-low overpotentials (as low as 15 mV for the hydrogen evolution reaction and 203 mV for the oxygen evolution reaction) and operational stability exceeding 700 hours at industrial current densities. Special attention is paid to in situ spectroscopic methods and quantum-chemical calculations, which reveal the molecular nature of increased activity and stability, linking them to the type of active centers, the nature of interfacial interactions, and the dynamics of surface restructuring. Key challenges (scalability of synthesis, development of predictive computational models, reducing the reliance on platinum-group metals, and integration of catalysts into membrane-electrode assemblies) are discussed, as well as promising development directions, including broadening the range of reactions toward nitrate reduction, biomass processing, and the use of non-conventional reaction media. Taken together, these results position galvanic replacement as a key technology for the synthesis of next-generation electrocatalysts for sustainable energy.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>ВЫСОКОЭНТРОПИЙНЫЕ СПЛАВЫ</kwd>
    <kwd>ОДНОАТОМНЫЕ КАТАЛИЗАТОРЫ</kwd>
    <kwd>ВЫДЕЛЕНИЕ КИСЛОРОДА</kwd>
    <kwd>ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ ВОДОРОДА</kwd>
    <kwd>ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЕ КИСЛОРОДА</kwd>
    <kwd>ДИОКСИД УГЛЕРОДА</kwd>
    <kwd>ОРГАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЭЛЕКТРОСИНТЕЗ</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>HIGH-ENTROPY ALLOYS</kwd>
    <kwd>MONOATOMIC CATALYSTS</kwd>
    <kwd>OXYGEN EVOLUTION</kwd>
    <kwd>HYDROGEN EVOLUTION</kwd>
    <kwd>OXYGEN REDUCTION</kwd>
    <kwd>CARBON DIOXIDE</kwd>
    <kwd>ORGANIC ELECTROSYNTHESIS</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">H. Cheng, C. Wang, D. Qin, Y. Xia, Acc. Chem. Res., 56, 900-909 (2023). DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00067.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">H. Cheng, C. Wang, D. Qin, Y. Xia, Acc. Chem. Res., 56, 900-909 (2023). DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00067.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">S. Zhou, M. Xie, Y. Ding, Z. Wang, Q. Nguyen, K. K. Li, Y. Xia, Nano Lett., 24, 43, 13513-13519 (2024). DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02764.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">S. Zhou, M. Xie, Y. Ding, Z. Wang, Q. Nguyen, K. K. Li, Y. Xia, Nano Lett., 24, 43, 13513-13519 (2024). DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02764.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. F. Drevsyannikov, M. E. Kolpakov, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A, 92, 5, 905-908 (2018). DOI: 10.1134/S0036024418050096.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. F. Drevsyannikov, M. E. Kolpakov, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A, 92, 5, 905-908 (2018). DOI: 10.1134/S0036024418050096.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. F. Dresvyannikov, M. E. Kolpakov, E. A. Ermolaeva, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A, 96, 2, 309-314 (2022). DOI: 10.1134/S003602442202008X.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. F. Dresvyannikov, M. E. Kolpakov, E. A. Ermolaeva, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A, 96, 2, 309-314 (2022). DOI: 10.1134/S003602442202008X.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. F. Dresvyannikov, M. E. Kolpakov, E. A. Ermolaeva, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A, 94, 6, 1098-1103 (2020). DOI: 10.1134/S0036024420060084.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. F. Dresvyannikov, M. E. Kolpakov, E. A. Ermolaeva, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A, 94, 6, 1098-1103 (2020). DOI: 10.1134/S0036024420060084.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">P. Chen, S. Huang, Fuel, 364, Article 131106 (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131106.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">P. Chen, S. Huang, Fuel, 364, Article 131106 (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131106.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">J. Zhao, J. Wang, Y. Wang, J. Zhang, E. Luo, B. Lv, T. Hu, J. Jia, Nanoscale, 16, 14, 7031-7040 (2024). DOI: 10.1039/D3NR06359C.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">J. Zhao, J. Wang, Y. Wang, J. Zhang, E. Luo, B. Lv, T. Hu, J. Jia, Nanoscale, 16, 14, 7031-7040 (2024). DOI: 10.1039/D3NR06359C.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. F. Dresvyannikov, M. E. Kolpakov, E. A. Ermolaeva, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A, 97, 10, 2136-2143 (2023). DOI: 10.1134/S0036024423100072.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. F. Dresvyannikov, M. E. Kolpakov, E. A. Ermolaeva, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A, 97, 10, 2136-2143 (2023). DOI: 10.1134/S0036024423100072.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Qayum, K. Harrath, R. Li, A. R. Woldu, P. K. Chu, L. Hu, F. Lu, X. Yao, Small, 21, 3, Article 2408854 (2025). DOI: 10.1002/smll.202408854.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. Qayum, K. Harrath, R. Li, A. R. Woldu, P. K. Chu, L. Hu, F. Lu, X. Yao, Small, 21, 3, Article 2408854 (2025). DOI: 10.1002/smll.202408854.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">X. Deng, J. Chen, Q. Chen, Y. Zhou, X. Liu, J. Zhang, G. Wang, R. Wang, Appl. Surf. Sci., 665, Article 160310 (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.160310.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">X. Deng, J. Chen, Q. Chen, Y. Zhou, X. Liu, J. Zhang, G. Wang, R. Wang, Appl. Surf. Sci., 665, Article 160310 (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.160310.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">W. Lin, S. Yan, N. Song, S. Gao, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 190, Article 152251 (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152251.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">W. Lin, S. Yan, N. Song, S. Gao, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 190, Article 152251 (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152251.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">L. Yao, F. Zhang, S. Yang, H. Zhang, Y. Li, C. Yang, H. Yang, Q. Cheng, Adv. Mater., 36, 25, Article 2314049 (2024). DOI: 10.1002/adma.202314049.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">L. Yao, F. Zhang, S. Yang, H. Zhang, Y. Li, C. Yang, H. Yang, Q. Cheng, Adv. Mater., 36, 25, Article 2314049 (2024). DOI: 10.1002/adma.202314049.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">C. Li, B. Kim, Z. Li, R. Thapa, Y. Zhang, J.-M. Seo, R. Guan, F. Tang, J.-H. Baek, Y.H. Kim, J.-P. Jeon, N. Park, J.-B. Baek, Adv. Mater., 36, 31, Article 2403151 (2024). DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403151.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">C. Li, B. Kim, Z. Li, R. Thapa, Y. Zhang, J.-M. Seo, R. Guan, F. Tang, J.-H. Baek, Y.H. Kim, J.-P. Jeon, N. Park, J.-B. Baek, Adv. Mater., 36, 31, Article 2403151 (2024). DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403151.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">S. Ruck, A. Hutzler, S. Thiele, C. van Pham, Small Methods, 9, 4, Article 2401179 (2025). DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202401179.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">S. Ruck, A. Hutzler, S. Thiele, C. van Pham, Small Methods, 9, 4, Article 2401179 (2025). DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202401179.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">V. Nithiyasri, K. Thulasi, P. S. Kumar, Adv. Sustain. Syst., 10, 1, Article e00738 (2026). DOI: 10.1002/adsu.202500738.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">V. Nithiyasri, K. Thulasi, P. S. Kumar, Adv. Sustain. Syst., 10, 1, Article e00738 (2026). DOI: 10.1002/adsu.202500738.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">B. Naveen, S. W. Lee, Molecules, 30, 20, Article 4062 (2025). DOI: 10.3390/molecules30204062.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">B. Naveen, S. W. Lee, Molecules, 30, 20, Article 4062 (2025). DOI: 10.3390/molecules30204062.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">C. Du, Z. Wang, X. Chen, Y. Wang, C. Chen, X. Liu, Y. Huo, H. Sun, G. Xu, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 88, 152-162 (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.09.104.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">C. Du, Z. Wang, X. Chen, Y. Wang, C. Chen, X. Liu, Y. Huo, H. Sun, G. Xu, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 88, 152-162 (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.09.104.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">P. Cao, C. Xu, L. Zhang, J. Li, S.-B. Cheng, M. Lin, J. Mater. Chem. A, 12, 48, 33908-33916 (2024). DOI: 10.1039/D4TA05900J.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">P. Cao, C. Xu, L. Zhang, J. Li, S.-B. Cheng, M. Lin, J. Mater. Chem. A, 12, 48, 33908-33916 (2024). DOI: 10.1039/D4TA05900J.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">H. Wu, Q. Zhang, S. Chu, H. Du, Y. Wang, P. Liu, Materials, 17, 20, Article 5082 (2024). DOI: 10.3390/ma17205082.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">H. Wu, Q. Zhang, S. Chu, H. Du, Y. Wang, P. Liu, Materials, 17, 20, Article 5082 (2024). DOI: 10.3390/ma17205082.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">H. Yang, S. Lee, K. Lee, H. Chang, J. Roh, D. Shin, M. Kim, E. Cho, Meet. Abstr., MA2024-02, Article 2691 (2024). DOI: 10.1149/MA2024-02412691mtgabs.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">H. Yang, S. Lee, K. Lee, H. Chang, J. Roh, D. Shin, M. Kim, E. Cho, Meet. Abstr., MA2024-02, Article 2691 (2024). DOI: 10.1149/MA2024-02412691mtgabs.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Banti, I. Avramova, S. Sotiropoulos, J. Georgieva, Catalysts, 15, 9, Article 895 (2025). DOI: 10.3390/catal15090895.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. Banti, I. Avramova, S. Sotiropoulos, J. Georgieva, Catalysts, 15, 9, Article 895 (2025). DOI: 10.3390/catal15090895.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B22">
    <label>22.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">W. Cao, M. Kumar, N. Thakur, T. Uchiyama, Y. Gao, S. Tominaka, A. Machida, T. Watanabe, R. Sato, T. Teranishi, M. Matsumoto, H. Imai, Y. Sakurai, Y. Uchimoto, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 7, 19, 8515-8525 (2024). DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.4c01444.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">W. Cao, M. Kumar, N. Thakur, T. Uchiyama, Y. Gao, S. Tominaka, A. Machida, T. Watanabe, R. Sato, T. Teranishi, M. Matsumoto, H. Imai, Y. Sakurai, Y. Uchimoto, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 7, 19, 8515-8525 (2024). DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.4c01444.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B23">
    <label>23.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">F. Di Costola, N. B. D. Monti, I. Napal, E. Magnano, C. F. Pirri, G. Cicero, M. Fontana, F. Risplendi, S. Nappini, J. Zeng, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 16, 35, 9088-9096 (2025). DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5c01788.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">F. Di Costola, N. B. D. Monti, I. Napal, E. Magnano, C. F. Pirri, G. Cicero, M. Fontana, F. Risplendi, S. Nappini, J. Zeng, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 16, 35, 9088-9096 (2025). DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5c01788.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B24">
    <label>24.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">J. Shin, Y. Gwon, S. Y. Hwang, S. Bae, S. Y. Kim, C. K. Rhee, Y. Sohn, J. Alloys Compd., 1010, Article 177660 (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.177660.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">J. Shin, Y. Gwon, S. Y. Hwang, S. Bae, S. Y. Kim, C. K. Rhee, Y. Sohn, J. Alloys Compd., 1010, Article 177660 (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.177660.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B25">
    <label>25.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M. Shepida, O. Kuntyi, A. Mazur, G. Zozulya, M. Sozanskyi, V. Kordan, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 768, 18, 1191-1199 (2024). DOI: 10.1080/15421406.2024.2390215.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M. Shepida, O. Kuntyi, A. Mazur, G. Zozulya, M. Sozanskyi, V. Kordan, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 768, 18, 1191-1199 (2024). DOI: 10.1080/15421406.2024.2390215.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B26">
    <label>26.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Z. Huang, Z. Zhang, L. Chao, X. Jia, Molecules, 29, 23, Article 5492 (2024). DOI: 10.3390/molecules29235492.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Z. Huang, Z. Zhang, L. Chao, X. Jia, Molecules, 29, 23, Article 5492 (2024). DOI: 10.3390/molecules29235492.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B27">
    <label>27.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">H. Luo, M. M. Titirici, Adv. Eng. Mater., 27, 9, Article 2402544 (2025). DOI: 10.1002/adem.202402544.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">H. Luo, M. M. Titirici, Adv. Eng. Mater., 27, 9, Article 2402544 (2025). DOI: 10.1002/adem.202402544.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B28">
    <label>28.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D. Ma, J. Zhao, J. Jia, Chem. Commun., 61, 18, 3724-3727 (2025). DOI: 10.1039/D4CC06525E.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D. Ma, J. Zhao, J. Jia, Chem. Commun., 61, 18, 3724-3727 (2025). DOI: 10.1039/D4CC06525E.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B29">
    <label>29.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Y. Xu, W. Xu, Z. Gao, Y. Liang, H. Jiang, Z. Li, Z. Cui, E. Liu, L. Ma, S. Zhu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 17, 18, 26692-26700 (2025). DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c02269.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Y. Xu, W. Xu, Z. Gao, Y. Liang, H. Jiang, Z. Li, Z. Cui, E. Liu, L. Ma, S. Zhu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 17, 18, 26692-26700 (2025). DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c02269.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B30">
    <label>30.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Salah, H. D. Ren, N. Al-Ansi, A. Al-Salihy, F. A. Qaraah, S. A. Mahyoub, A. A. Ahmed, Q. A. Drmosh, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 16, 44, 60310-60320 (2024). DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c13769.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. Salah, H. D. Ren, N. Al-Ansi, A. Al-Salihy, F. A. Qaraah, S. A. Mahyoub, A. A. Ahmed, Q. A. Drmosh, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 16, 44, 60310-60320 (2024). DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c13769.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B31">
    <label>31.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. F. Dresvyannikov, M. E. Kolpakov, E. A. Ermolaeva, Inorg. Mater., 60, 9, 1089-1094 (2024). DOI: 10.1134/S0020168524701395.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. F. Dresvyannikov, M. E. Kolpakov, E. A. Ermolaeva, Inorg. Mater., 60, 9, 1089-1094 (2024). DOI: 10.1134/S0020168524701395.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B32">
    <label>32.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M. E. Kolpakov, A. F. Dresvyannikov, D. A. Sataraev, E.A. Ermolaeva, R. R. Gainullin, Dokl. Chem., 520, 6, 187-193 (2025). DOI: 10.1134/S0012500825601160.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M. E. Kolpakov, A. F. Dresvyannikov, D. A. Sataraev, E.A. Ermolaeva, R. R. Gainullin, Dokl. Chem., 520, 6, 187-193 (2025). DOI: 10.1134/S0012500825601160.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B33">
    <label>33.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. F. Dresvyannikov, M. E. Kolpakov, E. A. Ermolaeva, Tsvetnye Metally, 7, 56-61 (2020). DOI: 10.17580/tsm.2020.07.07.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. F. Dresvyannikov, M. E. Kolpakov, E. A. Ermolaeva, Tsvetnye Metally, 7, 56-61 (2020). DOI: 10.17580/tsm.2020.07.07.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B34">
    <label>34.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">R. Loukrakpam, B. F. Gomes, M. Prokop, C. Bauer, M. Kutter, F. Baier, R. Kempe, C. Roth, J. Power Sources, 569, Article 232905 (2023). DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.232905.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">R. Loukrakpam, B. F. Gomes, M. Prokop, C. Bauer, M. Kutter, F. Baier, R. Kempe, C. Roth, J. Power Sources, 569, Article 232905 (2023). DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.232905.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B35">
    <label>35.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">E. Kolle-Görgen, G. Fortunato, M. Ledendecker, Chem. Mater., 34, 23, 10223-10236 (2022). DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c02443.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E. Kolle-Görgen, G. Fortunato, M. Ledendecker, Chem. Mater., 34, 23, 10223-10236 (2022). DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c02443.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B36">
    <label>36.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Y.C. Sekhar, S. Cho, Processes, 14, 9, Article 1473 (2026). DOI: 10.3390/pr14091473.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Y.C. Sekhar, S. Cho, Processes, 14, 9, Article 1473 (2026). DOI: 10.3390/pr14091473.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B37">
    <label>37.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Y. Liu, S. Mao, Y. Cheng, Y. Zhu, W. Shi, T. Wang, J. Li, P. Rao, X. Shi, Z. Wang, G. Yang, H. Wang, M. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Yuan, W. Sun, Y. Tang, X. Tian, Z. Kang, Coord. Chem. Rev., 562, Article 217931 (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217931.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Y. Liu, S. Mao, Y. Cheng, Y. Zhu, W. Shi, T. Wang, J. Li, P. Rao, X. Shi, Z. Wang, G. Yang, H. Wang, M. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Yuan, W. Sun, Y. Tang, X. Tian, Z. Kang, Coord. Chem. Rev., 562, Article 217931 (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217931.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B38">
    <label>38.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">R. Acheampong, K. Stewart-Thomas, M. N. Islam, H. Dhawan, J. Eastcott, S. Shahgaldi, Colloids Surf. A, 728, Article 138741 (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138741.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">R. Acheampong, K. Stewart-Thomas, M. N. Islam, H. Dhawan, J. Eastcott, S. Shahgaldi, Colloids Surf. A, 728, Article 138741 (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138741.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B39">
    <label>39.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">L. Weseler, M. A. Allam, L. C. Ibañez, C. Roth, T. Turek, Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng., 51, Article 101233 (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2026.101233.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">L. Weseler, M. A. Allam, L. C. Ibañez, C. Roth, T. Turek, Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng., 51, Article 101233 (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2026.101233.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B40">
    <label>40.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">H. Mohtasham, S. J. Sajjadi, K. Akhtari, D. Bahari, A. Salimi, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 17, 50, 67882-67893 (2025). DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c17558.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">H. Mohtasham, S. J. Sajjadi, K. Akhtari, D. Bahari, A. Salimi, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 17, 50, 67882-67893 (2025). DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c17558.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B41">
    <label>41.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Z. Mukadam, S. B. Scott, M. M. Titirici, I. E. L. Stephens, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A, 382, 2282, Article 20230262 (2024). DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0262.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Z. Mukadam, S. B. Scott, M. M. Titirici, I. E. L. Stephens, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A, 382, 2282, Article 20230262 (2024). DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0262.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B42">
    <label>42.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">J. He, Y. He, X. Liu, H. Sun, H. Mao, D. Yang, M. Li, S. Zhou, Y. Zhao, Mater. Rep. Energy, 6, 2, Article 100426 (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.matre.2026.100426.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">J. He, Y. He, X. Liu, H. Sun, H. Mao, D. Yang, M. Li, S. Zhou, Y. Zhao, Mater. Rep. Energy, 6, 2, Article 100426 (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.matre.2026.100426.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B43">
    <label>43.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">H. Wang, X. Kang, B. Han, Chem. Sci., 15, 26, 9949-9976 (2024). DOI: 10.1039/D4SC02318H.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">H. Wang, X. Kang, B. Han, Chem. Sci., 15, 26, 9949-9976 (2024). DOI: 10.1039/D4SC02318H.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
