MODELING OF THE FULL CYCLE OF THE VULCANIZATION PROCESS OF RUBBER PRODUCTS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT AUTOMATIC PID TEMPERATURE CONTROL
Rubrics: 2. CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
Authors:
1.
Tambov State Technical University
(Computer Integrated Systems in Mechanical Engineering, postgraduate student)
graduate student from 01.01.2022 until now
Tambov, Russian Federation
graduate student from 01.01.2022 until now
Tambov, Russian Federation
2.
Tambov State Technical University
(kafedra "Komp'yuterno-integrirovannye sistemy v mashinostroenii", docent)
employee
Russian Federation
employee
Russian Federation
Type:
Article
Pages:
from 49
to 53
Status:
Published
Received:
31.01.2026
Accepted:
31.01.2026
Published:
31.01.2026
Language:
Russian
Keywords:
VULCANIZATION, RUBBER PRODUCTS, MATHEMATICAL MODELING, KINETICS
Abstract:
In the production of rubber products for various purposes, the vulcanization process is the most important and energy-intensive stage. As a result of vulcanization, the rubber compound acquires the shape and performance characteristics of the finished product. Therefore, optimizing the parameters of the vulcanization process is an important task. This paper proposes an algorithm for numerically simulating the complete vulcanization cycle. This includes heating the heating plates and mold, stabilizing the temperature, loading the rubber mixture, vulcanizing it, and extracting the finished product, followed by cooling it in air. Heating is controlled using the PID control method. The calculation model consists of heating plates with heating elements embedded in them, a control thermocouple, a mold, and a rubber compound. Vulcanization modeling is carried out using equations that describe three stages: the induction period, the vulcanization period, and the reversion period. The simulation of the PID controller is based on calculating the control action, considering anti-saturation corrections to the integral part. The algorithm is implemented in ANSYS 2019 R2, a finite element analysis software, using its own program’s module. The program enables visualization of the vulcanization degree field and temperature field to evaluate the kinetics of the vulcanization process. Additionally, the calculation provides data on the PID controller's control action and the temperature change at the control thermocouple. Based on numerical simulations of the entire vulcanization process, it is possible to optimize operating parameters (such as heating temperature and holding time for the rubber mixture in the mold) and estimate energy costs when calculating the manufacturing cost of rubber products.
In the production of rubber products for various purposes, the vulcanization process is the most important and energy-intensive stage. As a result of vulcanization, the rubber compound acquires the shape and performance characteristics of the finished product. Therefore, optimizing the parameters of the vulcanization process is an important task. This paper proposes an algorithm for numerically simulating the complete vulcanization cycle. This includes heating the heating plates and mold, stabilizing the temperature, loading the rubber mixture, vulcanizing it, and extracting the finished product, followed by cooling it in air. Heating is controlled using the PID control method. The calculation model consists of heating plates with heating elements embedded in them, a control thermocouple, a mold, and a rubber compound. Vulcanization modeling is carried out using equations that describe three stages: the induction period, the vulcanization period, and the reversion period. The simulation of the PID controller is based on calculating the control action, considering anti-saturation corrections to the integral part. The algorithm is implemented in ANSYS 2019 R2, a finite element analysis software, using its own program’s module. The program enables visualization of the vulcanization degree field and temperature field to evaluate the kinetics of the vulcanization process. Additionally, the calculation provides data on the PID controller's control action and the temperature change at the control thermocouple. Based on numerical simulations of the entire vulcanization process, it is possible to optimize operating parameters (such as heating temperature and holding time for the rubber mixture in the mold) and estimate energy costs when calculating the manufacturing cost of rubber products.
Keywords:
VULCANIZATION, RUBBER PRODUCTS, MATHEMATICAL MODELING, KINETICS
VULCANIZATION, RUBBER PRODUCTS, MATHEMATICAL MODELING, KINETICS
